Wednesday, March 4, 2009
ICAO Wake Turbulence Category
Description
The ICAO wake turbulence category (WTC) is entered in the appropriate single character wake turbulence category indicator in Item 9 of the ICAO model flight plan form and is based on the maximum certificated take-off mass, as follows:
- H (Heavy) aircraft types of 136 000 kg (300 000 lb) or more;
- M (Medium) aircraft types less than 136 000 kg (300 000 lb) and more than 7 000 kg (15 500 lb); and
- L (Light) aircraft types of 7 000 kg (15 500 lb) or less.
Variants of an aircraft type may fall into different wake turbulence categories, (e.g. L/M or M/H). In these cases, it is the responsibility of the pilot or operator to enter the appropriate wake turbulence category indicator in the flight plan.
State Variations to ICAO Wake Turbulence Category
States may elect to operate variations to the ICAO scheme if they wish. One example of this is the UK where the main differences are the re-definition of the lower weight end of the ICAO ‘MEDIUM’ category:
- An extra category called ‘SMALL’ is defined as aircraft types with an MTWA of between 17000 kg and 40000 kg
- The ‘LIGHT’ Category defined in the ICAO scheme is extended to cover aircraft types with an MTWA of up to 17000 kg
In addition an ‘UPPER MEDIUM’ aircraft type category is defined from within the ICAO ‘MEDIUM’ category (only) for approaches made at EGLL EGKK EGSS and EGCC.
Full details of the UK variations are contained in UK AIC 17/1999 - see: [1]
Related Articles
Further Information
- Doc 8643 - ICAO Aircraft Type Designators contains designators for those aircraft types which are most commonly provided with air traffic service (ATS) as well as additional information such as Wake Turbulence Category.
Wake Vortex Turbulence -Skybary-
Definition
Turbulence which is generated by the passage of an aircraft through the air.
Description
Potentially hazardous turbulence in the wake of an aircraft in flight is principally caused by wing tip vortices. This type of turbulence is significant because wing tip vortices decay quite slowly and can produce a significant rotational influence on an aircraft encountering them for several minutes after they have been generated. Jet Efflux and Prop Wash can also hazard the control of an aircraft both on the ground and in the air but, whilst these effects are often extreme, they are short lived.
The origin of counter-rotating wing tip vortices is a direct and automatic consequence of the generation of lift by a wing. Lift is generated by the creation of a pressure differential over the wing surface. The lowest pressure occurs over the upper wing surface and the highest pressure under the wing. This pressure differential triggers the roll up of the airflow aft of the wing resulting in swirling air masses trailing downstream of the wing tips. After the roll up is completed, the wake consists of two counter-rotating cylindrical vortices.
The strength of the vortex is governed by the weight, speed, and shape of the wing of the generating aircraft. The vortex characteristics of any given aircraft can also be changed by extension of flaps or other wing configuring devices as well as by change in speed. However, as the basic factor is weight, the vortex strength increases proportionately.
Vortices generally persist for between one and three minutes, with survival greatest at low level in calm or very light wind conditions and at higher altitudes in thinner air. Once formed, vortices descend until they decay (or reach the ground). Decay is occurs much more quickly at low level in windy conditions over land because of the greater variation in both components of wind velocity which are induced by frictional effects of terrain. Cross-winds can carry a vortex away from the flight path which the aircraft generating them has followed.
Effects
The potential for hazardous wake vortex turbulence is greatest where aircraft follow the same tracks with close spacing. This situation is mostly encountered close to the ground in the vicinity of airports where aircraft are on approach to or departure from particular runways at high frequencies. Sudden uncommanded roll moments may occur which, in extreme cases, can be beyond the absolute power of the flying controls or the prevailing response of the flight crew to counteract. The high rate of roll may cause uncommanded disconnection of the Autopilot and transient or terminal loss of control can result in terrain impact in rare cases. En route in-train uncommanded roll can be similarly caused to smaller aircraft by the effect of larger ones, which may be ahead at a higher level. A cross-track encounter en route is likely to lead to only one or two sharp 'jolts' as the vortices are crossed. In either en route case, injuries to unsecured occupants can result, both passengers and cabin crew. Since most operators ensure that passengers are secured during intermediate and final approach and during initial climb after take off, it is Cabin Crew who will be most at risk of injury if they are not yet secured during the later stages of an approach.
Defences
Take off and Landing
- ATC provide standard separation for all departing aircraft and for IFR traffic on approach. Separation depends on the relative size of the aircraft and is described in detail in the article on Wake Turbulence Category at [[1]].
- For VFR arrivals, vortex spacing is the responsibility of the pilot and pilots are advised to apply the appropriate recommended spacing. This will often also be advised by ATC.
En route
ATC traffic separation standards in controlled airspace will not necessarily prevent significant encounters with wake turbulence and the greater risk of injury because both Cabin Crew and some passengers will probably not be secured in their seats. However, it is unlikely that any loss of control will be more than very brief and easy recover from if at least minimum ATC separation standards are maintained.
The only available direct defence against occupant injuries is for the flight crew to maintain situational awareness by monitoring the TCAS Display and then use the seat belt sign and direct communication with Cabin Crew to temporarily secure all occupants if in-train climbing or one-level-above traffic is observed up to 10 nm ahead and confirmed with ATC as being a significantly larger aircraft type.
Typical Scenarios
- An aircraft turns onto the final approach behind a heavier aircraft and encounters wake vortex turbulence which induces such a high rate of roll that the AP disconnects requiring prompt manual recovery action by the flight crew.
- A small turboprop aircraft departing behind a widebody jet after applying the prescribed separation timing to the large aircraft start-of-roll time then encounters severe wake vortex turbulence immediately after take-off which causes an uncommanded rapid roll leading to a 60 degree bank angle and near impact with the terrain below.
- An aircraft on base leg encounters the vortices from a heavier aircraft on approach ahead and experiences a violent but transient pitch disturbance.
- A 50 seat regional jet encounters wake turbulence from an overtaking B777 also at FL370 as it rejoins the same track 7nm ahead but, despite uncommanded autopilot disconnect, recovery to wings level is quickly achieved by PF, although not before one of the Cabin Crew has been thrown sideways and seriously injured by impact with a bulkhead.
Contributory Factors
- Leading Aircraft Weight
- Leading Aircraft speed.
- Leading Aircraft wing configuration (Flap setting etc.)
- Relative size of leading amd following aircraft.
- Relative position and lateral/vertical separation of aircraft.
- Closeness to the ground.
- Wind velocity relative to the track being flown
Solutions
- Ensure that ICAO recommended separation minima for aircraft on approach and departure are understood and applied by both ATC and pilots with appropriate training inclusion, including, for pilots, periodic recovery practice during simulator training.
- Procedural documentation for both pilots and ATCOs to include the ICAO separation recommendations for arrival and departure (as well as any more restrictive national or local arrangements).
Related Articles
- Induced Drag - provides more information on the origin of tip vortices.
- Accident and Serious Incident Reports: WAKE - list a selection of events which involved wake turbulence
- Mitigation of Wake Turbulence Hazard
- ICAO Wake Turbulence Category
- Wake Turbulence Hazard - A Pilot Check List
Further Reading
- FAA Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapeter 7 (Safety of Flight), Section 3 wake turbulence
HindSight Articles
Friday, February 20, 2009
NOVALOGIC: Mig-29 Fulcrum
SCREENS:
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INFORMATION:
| Quote: |
 Under the advisement of Yuri V. Prikhodko, former Soviet MiG-21 combat pilot, instructor, and MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27 test pilot, Novalogic created their simulation of the Mikoyan Gurevich Mig-29 Fulcrum. Built on the F-16 Multirole Fighter engine (and developed almost concurrently with F-16 MRF), MiG-29 was released shortly after. It features the same advanced realism modelling as F-16 MRF not found in previous Novalogic sims such as unbalanced loadout effects and the ability to perform the MiG-29's famous "Kobra" maneuver. It was designed with the intention of running on Novalogic's free Integrated Battle Space with up to 128 other pilots using Novalogic's MiG-29, F-22 Raptor, or F-16 MRF. The graphics are 3D-card enabled using only polygons (without any of the old Novalogic VoxelSpace codebase), with resolutions from 640x480 to 1024x768. There are single player quick missions which include tutorials, as well as numerous campaigns, two of which are shared with F-16 MRF (Serbia and the Congo) for multiplay. The terrains vary from snow-capped of Europe mountains to Africa's flat deserts. Weapons range from the R77 (Russia's AMRAAM equivalent) to bombs such as the KAB500 guided munitions. For further immersion, the "~censored~' Betty" ~censored~ warning voice and other pilot voices are recorded in Russian. |
DOWNLOAD:
| Code: |
| http://rapidshare.com/users/1P5PST |
PASSWORD:
| Code: |
| AKW89 |
NOVALOGIC: F-22 Lightning 3
NOVALOGIC: F-22 Lightning 3 SCREENS: ........  ........  INFORMATION:
DOWNLOAD:
PASSWORD:
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NOVALOGIC: F-16 Multirole Fighter
SCREENS:
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INFORMATION:
| Quote: |
F-16 Multirole Fighter was developed with John A. Ferigone, who is the chief F-16 test pilot for Lockheed Martin, and contains many new realism models not seen in previous Novalogic simulations: • Blackouts/redouts • Manual shoot list generation • Manual landing gear operation • Unbalanced loadout effects • Engine flameouts • Flatspins In addition to the 6 tutorial missions and numerous quick missions, there are scripted campaigns in varied terrains such in Serbia, Liberia/Sierra Leone, Burma, and Somalia/Ethiopia. F-16 MRF is also playable on Novalogic's free Integrated Battle Space with up to 128 other pilots using Novalogic's MiG-29 and F-22 Raptor (it was developed in tandem with their MiG-29 Fulcrum product for this sole purpose). Graphics are 3D-card accelerated (without any of the old Novalogic VoxelSpace codebase), with resolutions from 640x480 to 1024x768. Other options include a virtual ~censored~ and the LANTIRN system. Almost all the F-16 weapons such as the AGM-88 anti-radar missile and the new JDAM are available. |
DOWNLOAD:
| Code: |
| http://rapidshare.com/users/DH6MEC |
PASSWORD:
| Code: |
| AKW89 |
Flight Simulator X Add-on: PMDG MD 11
One of the best simulated aircraft's ever made
Information:
http://www.precisionmanuals.com/priv/pages/prod/fsx/md11.html
Pictures:
http://www.precisionmanuals.com/priv/img/prod/fsx/md11/album/pages/md11_1_jpg.htm
Wallpaper:
http://rapidshare.com/files/175300699/PMDG_MD-11_Wallpapers.rar.html
Download:
http://rapidshare.com/files/175301593/PMDG_MD11_FSX.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.com/files/175392429/PMDG_MD11_FSX.part1.rar.html
Validation Bypasser in seperate RAR:
http://rapidshare.com/files/178591774/ValidationMD11.rar.html
Warning:
To download, extract and unrar you must disable any Anti-vira Anti-malware etc. otherwise you may not be able to download, extract or unrar because of the Validation bypasser.
I can confirm that the validation bypasser file contains no virus. I took screenshot of every new screen in the installation, so it's like a little guide, it can be downloaded here:
http://rapidshare.com/files/179519010/MD-11_Screen_Step_by_Step.rar
Pic 5 is not working, in that pic I unticked the "fake email..." button it is VERY important.
If you still can't get the button active, disable UAC and reboot. Try again.
Flight Simulator X Add-on: Wilco A380
http://www.wilcopub.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=prod_airbus1
Download:
http://rapidshare.com/files/175119279/AirbusSeries1XDeluxebackup.part2.rar.html
http://rapidshare.com/files/175114645/AirbusSeries1XDeluxebackup.part1.rar.html
Flight Simulator X Add-on: PMDG 747-400 X
3D Studio Max 747-400 & 747-400F Models - Accurately modeled down to the smallest detail complete with high resolution textures and three different engine variants
Airplane Animations - Hundreds of animated parts on the exterior model bring the 747-400 to life, with realistic gear, flap and slat movement, all passenger and cargo doors operable (with corresponding indications in the ~censored~) and all control surfaces moving like their real-world counterparts
New FSX Features - the exterior model features new lighting, shine and bump map technology, as well as smooth non-segmented wing flex created with vertex animation as well as visual fuel dump and engine fire effects
Dynamic Virtual ~censored~ - Accurate within inches of the real flight deck, complete with photo-real textures, animated switches and knobs and beautiful night lighting
New FSX Feature - Internal VC lighting now also visible during the day time
Virtual Cabin - In addition to the virtual ~censored~, a section of the passenger cabin is represented for a virtual visit
Panel Perspectives - You can now start flying the 747 from the First Officer's perspective and work your way up to the familiar Captain's perspective; the main panel perspectives provide large display space to provide clear views of the primary CRT or optional LCD displays with all necessary information for flight
Complete Avionics - Sharp vector graphic ~censored~ displays matching their real world counterparts, all EICAS functions and lower displays working interactively with the aircraft's systems, and also displaying three engine variants (RR, GE, PW)
Aircraft / ~censored~ Systems - Functionality at the highest accuracy, programmed after engineering schematics to ensure everything behaves like on the real plane; 747-400F specific pneumatics systems are correctly modeled and the stabilizer tanks have been remove
Additional Features
Failures Module - Set failures at random intervals or target specific systems with variable and progressive damage factors
Sound Set - Recorded from the real flight deck, the sounds are complete from the three different variants of powerful jet engines to the fire warning bells
Operating Manual - 350+ pages including operating procedures, limitations and more
Free Add-on Liveries - Dozens of colorful airline liveries will be made available for download upon product release
System req.
| Quote: |
| Mininimum - 3GHz or multi-core processor, 1GB RAM, WinXP SP2/Vista Best Performance - Dual or Quad Core Processor, 2GB RAM, 512MB Gfx Card, WinXP SP2 MS FSX with Service Pack 1 (or later) installed |
Download:
| Code: |
| http://rapidshare.com/files/170916663/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part28.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170967467/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part27.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170963219/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part26.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170958694/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part25.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170954123/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part24.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170949162/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part23.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170944038/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part22.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170938371/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part21.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170932848/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part20.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170926969/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part19.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170920837/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part18.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170824744/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part17.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170818921/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part16.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170813449/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part15.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170910402/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part14.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170904787/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part13.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170899322/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part12.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170893749/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part11.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170888287/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part10.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170882738/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part09.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170876832/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part08.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170870409/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part07.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170864465/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part06.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170858548/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part05.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170852962/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part04.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170846710/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part03.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170837994/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part02.rar.html http://rapidshare.com/files/170830647/FSX_Aerosoft_PMDG_747X.part01.rar.html |
Flight Simulator X Add-on: Wilco A380
Information:
http://www.wilcopub.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=prod_380
Screenshots:
http://www.wilcopub.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=prod_a380Missions_pics
Download:
http://rapidshare.com/files/175106960/Wilco_A380.rar.html
Microsoft Flight Simulator X / Addon / Real Environment Xtreme FSX Addon
FSX Addon
REX consists of an ultra-realistic breakthrough in simulation analysis, comprising a vast assortment of NEW, never been seen, graphical content based on PHOTO-REALISTIC elements. This technology combined with our brand NEW Weather Engine and Flight Planner, will enhance your complete sky environment, water environment (including real-world coral & reef simulations), airport environment, lighting environment and weather environment.
Info and Pics :
http://realenvironmentxtreme.com
Links are still up. And for some people that have asked. This is only REX environment only. No FSX included.
To run this you need at least this:
MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
* Windows XP SP2 / Windows Vista
* Microsoft Flight Simulator X (requires at least SP1, compatible with SP2/Acceleration)
* Processor: 2.0Ghz+
* RAM: 2GB
* Hard Drive: 15GB of free space for installation
* Video Card: 256MB DirectX 9 compatible (512MB recommended)
* Other: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - required for REX, download from this link.
* Internet connection required to download REX service packs and real-time weather data.
Download :
http://rapidshare.com/files/174680978/xer-xsf.part01.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174682706/xer-xsf.part02.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174684388/xer-xsf.part03.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174685944/xer-xsf.part04.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174687573/xer-xsf.part05.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174689367/xer-xsf.part06.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174691030/xer-xsf.part07.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174692576/xer-xsf.part08.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174694137/xer-xsf.part09.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174695590/xer-xsf.part10.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174697125/xer-xsf.part11.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174698824/xer-xsf.part12.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174700341/xer-xsf.part13.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174701896/xer-xsf.part14.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174703628/xer-xsf.part15.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174705112/xer-xsf.part16.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174706526/xer-xsf.part17.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174707991/xer-xsf.part18.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174709424/xer-xsf.part19.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174710960/xer-xsf.part20.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174713134/xer-xsf.part21.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174714593/xer-xsf.part22.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174715916/xer-xsf.part23.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174717221/xer-xsf.part24.rar
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http://rapidshare.com/files/174719856/xer-xsf.part26.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174721098/xer-xsf.part27.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174722533/xer-xsf.part28.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174651770/xer-xsf.part29.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174653722/xer-xsf.part30.rar
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http://rapidshare.com/files/174678485/xer-xsf.part43.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174679234/xer-xsf.part44.rar
Password: mofong0
That's a "zero" at the end of password.
